In Iranian cities, the governor's thinking and worldview have always impressed the formation of the city's physical spaces. From the beginning of the SAFAVID era, during the reign of Shah Tahmasb, the creation of royal complexes next to a wide square was on the agenda. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, we encountered urban design for the first time in the post-Islamic era. The preferred place for new construction was mainly outside the old cities or in a new place. The purposeful use of space and architecture production was considered to instill the opinion of power. The square was the most significant symbol and manifestation of power in the SAFAVID government, and the SAFAVID kings, especially Shah Abbas, demonstrated significant interest in creating magnificent SQUARES; its shining point was Naqsh Jahan Square in Isfahan. This research is based on the hypothesis that the thought system of the SAFAVID had an impact on other parts of the country, too. After examining Qazvin and Naqshe Jahan SQUARES, this study focuses on Ganj Ali Khan Square in Kerman, the region's administrative center. Ganjali Khan Zik, the ruler Shah Abbas chose for Kerman, built Ganjali Khan Square and the complex. Inspired by this policy, the city of Kerman was revitalized. The construction site of the complex was in the center of the old city, differing from the methods of the SAFAVID kings. Many buildings were purchased and destroyed to make way for it. This article deals with the SAFAVID fields of Qazvin, Naqshejahan, and Ganjali Khan by reviewing documents, previous research, and field observations. It investigates the influence of motivation and the governor's belief in their construction, focusing on aspects such as space, architecture, usage, and rituals. By emphasizing Ganjali Khan Square and its complex, the article proves that architectural patterns and urban landscape were evolving at the same time as the policies of the SAFAVID government. It concludes that Ganjali Khan Square, despite its smaller proportions and different uses compared to Royal SQUARES, was a complete and unique example of SAFAVID period SQUARES and was influenced by Ganjali Khan's style.

Arched structures, especially vaults, as one of the most widely used structural elements in traditional architecture, are of particular importance in the perspective of historical settlements. However, most of the research in this field has been devoted to historical and technical issues and so the visual functions of this element has been stayed hidden behind the role of its structure. This paper tries to understand and explain the role of vault structures in organizing the landscape of historical urban SQUARES, to provide solutions appropriate to contemporary needs for designing and organizing SQUARES. The process of this research began with library studies and continued with the sampling through field studies. In this regard, first, the eight SQUARES chosen as case studies were divided into three types based on the type of function of vault structures in their facade: «portico», «room and bulkhead» and «bulkhead». Then, the role of these elements in covering the facades in both vertical and horizontal directions in both micro and macro scales was analyzed. The examined issues at the micro-scale include: how the rhythm was created, the connection of the walls to the surrounding buildings and the entrance of the square, and the connection of the walls to each other in the body of the square. The results of the research indicate the use of three methods based on «complete vault», «buildings and entrances» and «combination of complete vault with half-vault « in order to create rhythm in the facades. In addition to creating rhythm, « combination of complete vault with half-vault» has also been used to connect the facades of the square to the surrounding buildings. Analyzes also reveal four methods used to link the facades of SQUARES with each other, including « complete vault «, « half-vault», «diagonal with a 45 degree angle» and «disconnected». Then, how to place two stories of the square on top of each other in a vertical direction was studied. Here, by examining the general structure of the upper floor, the roots of the creation of the outer corridor on the first floor of the SQUARES are discussed as an arena for access and observing the center of the square. Then as a result of studying the role of vault elements on the scale of whole square, we found a triple pattern for the composition of these elements in the facade: «creation of confinement», «building a foundation for visual emphasis» and «visual emphasis». Finally, due to the fact that decorations are one of the important features of Iranian-Islamic architecture, various methods of decoration, including «brickwork», «karbandi», «tiling», «mural» and «column» and their position on the surface of vault structures are analyzed and introduced to explain the robust background for contemporary improvement and design.

The Mixed Least SQUARES Meshfree (MDLSM) method has shown its appropriate efficiency for solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) governing the engineering problems. The method is based on the minimizing the residual functional. The residual functional is defined as a summation of the weighted residuals on the governing PDEs and the boundaries. The Moving Least SQUARES (MLS) is usually applied in the MDLSM method for constructing the shape functions. Although the required consistency and compatibility for the approximation function is satisfied by the MLS, the method loss its appropriate efficiency when the nodal points cluster too much. In the current study, the mentioned drawback is overcome using the novel approximation function called Mapped Moving Least SQUARES (MMLS). In this approach, the cluster of closed nodal points maps to standard nodal distribution. Then the approximation function and its derivatives compute noting the some consideration. The efficiency of suggested MMLS for overcoming the drawback of MLS is evaluated by approximating the mathematical function. The obtained results show the ability of suggested MMLS method to solve the drawback. The suggested approximation function is applied in MDLSM method, and used for solving the Burgers equations. Obtained results approve the efficiency of suggested method.

Urban SQUARES constantly were known as one of the effective urban spaces in ancient cities and also in Iran in which all types of citizen’s presence are observed in them. But, recently, due to entering cars in cities, they have missed previous meaning and have been transformed to traffic elements which are suppressed by vehicles. This issue causes ignorance of aesthetics elements in modern SQUARES. Indeed, what is known as new urban square definitions has far distance by previous definition. With respect to this introduction, this paper aims to study influential factors of aesthetics in urban SQUARES. Therefore, 3 SQUARES of Hamadan which have significant differences by the measures of physical, cultural and social characteristics were selected. Research method is descriptive-analytic and spss software has been applied to perform ANOVA test. Results showed that predesign and socio-cultural factors significantly influence aesthetical citizen’s persecution of SQUARES.

Urban SQUARES of Iran have undergone various structural changes from tradition to modernity. These changes have influenced socio-cultural life of urbanites in various dimentions. It is vital to identify the structural features of urban SQUARES in order to manage and implement constructive solutions. The present research investigates the structural changes of urban areas. In order to accomplish this goal, four SQUARES of Tehran, namely Imam Khomeini, Baharestan, Inghelab, and Azadi SQUARES are selected as samples for case study. The research methodology is historical-analytic, and documents and field observations were the two data collection methods used. In the course of work, structural features and indexes of the square were extracted from different sources and described and analyzed in the four targeted SQUARES. The results show differences in structure between Imam Khomeini and Baharestan SQUARES, which were built during Ghajar dynasty, on the one hand, and that of Inghelab and Azadi SQUARES, which were built during Pahlavi 1st and 2nd reigns respectively. The SQUARES of Ghajar period have an amalgamation of traditional and modern elements within and in the body of the square. But the SQUARES of Pahlavi period are far away from the structural features of traditional SQUARES and are turned into modern SQUARES. This trend has continued during the Islamic Republic.

The view of today cities due to technology improvements and discontrolling of comsuming ideas changes to a cold, rigid and lifeless building. This process makes the citizens became faraway from nature and brings some mental disorders. Urban art with making happy and cozy places can reduce this tension to some extent. Tehran as a symbol of political and cultural authority in this country, is noticed by any Iranian and tourisms. This article is aimed to by analysis some elected statues in Tehran, will gain abilities and losses of urban art in capital. This article has been written using the research, historical and descriptive investigation methods and the library sources have been used to aggregate information. The square element is one of the most city public spaces. It prepares a place to establish a statue among the other places. The role of statues will increase through SQUARES so they with their special structures can identify the city and the places where they are established. By considering this fact this letter is trying to choose some urban spaces and analysis them in order to investigating the way of making urban sculptures in Iran through recent deceads.

The quality of contemporary urban SQUARES based on indigenous lessons is one of the topics considered by the designers and the concerns of the present study. Assuming that the pattern language of historical SQUARES in Yazd region can be recognized, this study aims to apply the pattern language theory to design these SQUARES not only for morphological description, but also for exploring the application in the design of SQUARES as well as redesigning of historical SQUARES. Therefore, using theoretical perspectives and practical experiences on pattern language theory, this article aims to develop a method for recognizing design patterns and use it in extracting design patterns as well as the relationship between patterns to form a network of a pattern language. The basis for recognizing patterns is the historical SQUARES of Yazd region (seven SQUARES including Amirchakhmaq square, Shah square, Khan square, Vaqt al-Sa'eh square, Qala square, Lord Fahadan square and Shah Nematullah Vali Taft square) which are completely Iranian SQUARES. These seven SQUARES have been selected in different scales and functions and from different historical periods, including the Timurid, SAFAVID and Qajar periods. Six SQUARES are located in the historical context of Yazd and one square is located in the historical context of Taft. The present research is applied-development and has been done by qualitative and historical-comparative method. In the process of reviewing the applied model, including four steps for extracting and recognizing design patterns have been developed. The first step is to experimentally observe and extract field similarities in different contexts. In the second step, the words of the pattern language or design patterns are extracted and the components and levels of the patterns as well as the functional and structural patterns of each are described. The third step is to formulate the relationships between the patterns or the rules of the pattern language, and the fourth step is to formulate general rules for designing urban SQUARES. The most important output patterns include empty courtyard pattern, one-level and two-level color system, enclosed space, rectangular geometry, stepped composition, repetitive element of five- and seven-week arches, orientation, hierarchy, balance and contrast, entrance enclosures are spatial coherence and functional convergence. The result of this research is the development of thirteen rules for designing SQUARES that include unity, hierarchy, proportions, ecology, spatial orientation, balance, spatial contrast, continuity, diversity, identity, universality, populism and simplicity.

This study compared the performance of the partial least SQUARES-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and the robust partial least SQUARES-structural equation modelling (RPLS-SEM) methods through Winsorisation approach The inputs and the outputs used in this model were based on the electricity generation data, derived from the Al-Zawiya Steam Power Plant, Libya. Furthermore, the researchers compared the novel RPLS-SEM approach with the traditional PLS-SEM approach and noted that the novel RPLS-SEM method was more efficient compared to PLS-SEM.

Urban spaces as places for the emergence of optional and necessary social behaviors of residents, affect the quality of urban life as well as the social behaviors of citizens. Some of the interventions, carried out in urban SQUARES in the form of improving plans without sufficient attention to the compatibility of the behavioral patterns and physical structures, have led to the formation of inappropriately unlivable spaces. The proportion of the physical structures to the behavioral patterns in the form of place-behavior or behavioral sites is an important issue in improving the quality of urban spaces. This study aimed to assess the degree of synomorphy of the behavioral sites which are based of the indicators on Barker's theoretical framework and answering the question: How much and how different is the synomorphy of environment and behavior in the studied urban spaces (SQUARES)? Using the observation and behavioral mapping techniques, a descriptive-evaluative methodology was applied. Naghsh Jahan Square and Imam Ali Square in Isfahan were selected as cases due to their special status in the history of the city, although they are different in terms of their performance. The behaviors were investigated in three time periods of morning (8-11), noon (12-14) and evening (18-21), in a quarterly period, based on physical criteria and their effects on the environment in the form of normal (environmentally compatible) and abnormal (environmentally incompatible) behaviors. The study suggests some solutions for strengthening behavioral sites. The results showed more synomorphes in Naghsh Jahan Square for the optional activities, while more necessary and transitory activities in Imam Ali Square. Creating fence confinements, attractive view corridors, active and lively walls, ability to perform selective and informal activities, being green, night lighting, feeling of comfort and security, sense of belonging and identity in Naghsh Jahan have made it more suitable for selective behaviors compared to Imam Ali Square.